Meningococcal Meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by many bacteria and viruses, but one of the most important in certain parts of the world is “meningococcus”. Meningococcal meningitis is found worldwide; but the largest outbreaks occur in certain parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The risk is higher during the dry season (December to June).

Bacterial meningitis is spread from person to person by coughing and sneezing. It can be carried in the throats of healthy people. Most people exposed to the bacteria do not easily become infected. In a small number of people bacteria are able to invade the body and produce meningitis. Symptoms include sudden onset of fever, chills, malaise, fatigue, headache, stiff neck, vomiting and possibly a bruise-like rash. The disease is usually fatal without prompt diagnosis and treatment. Children under 5 years and young adults 15–20 years are at highest risk.

Vaccine is available for persons travelling to high-risk countries for extended periods. Parents of young children need to be aware that meningococcal vaccine is not as effective or long lasting for that age group (under 2 years). If direct contact with a case occurs, antibiotic treatment with rifampin or ceftriaxone (e.g., Rocephin®) is recommended for these children.

Vaccine is required for Muslims travelling to Saudi Arabia for the Hajj pilgrimage, and for workers who travel there during the Hajj season.

The meningococcal vaccine recently given to young people in Edmonton, and the routine childhood vaccine given in Canada are not effective against the most common strains of meningococcal meningitis in poor countries.